аЯрЁБс > ўџ ўџџџ є J K L M N џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС M јП R bjbjт=т= " W W 8 џџ џџ џџ l ў ў ў ў ў ў ў 8 Ь и 9 Ж ј ^ V " x x x x x x И К К К К К К $ я z о ў x x x x x о ў ў x x ѓ x ў x ў x И x И А И ў ў И x ь `ЮШi!УТ И И 0 9 И Є d И ў ў ў ў й UNIT 11 READING B Barometers and manometers Consider a container full of water as in the picture below. Is there a pressure at the top surface of the liquid? EMBED PBrush The air in the atmosphere is a fluid and it exerts a pressure on the surface of the water. Consider a tube filled with mercury. When the tube is turned over, into a container of mercury, the mercury in the tube flows out and then stops, as in the picture below. EMBED PBrush If the atmosphere is exerting a pressure on the surface of the mercury, and the pressure in the container is the same at a particular level, then at a line drawn at the level where the atmosphere meets the mercury, as in the diagram below, the upward pressure due to the mercury below the line must equal the downward pressure due to the mercury in the tube above the line and this must equal the pressure of the atmosphere downwards. Since we can calculate the pressure due to the mercury in the tube, we can use this instrument to measure atmospheric pressure. It is called a barometer. EMBED PBrush Suppose the height of the mercury in the tube above the level where the atmosphere meets the mercury is 760mm high. The density of mercury is 13.6 ( 103 kg/m3. We can calculate the atmospheric pressure using the hydrostatic equation. EMBED Equation.3 When measuring pressure, people sometimes report only the height of the mercury in the tube, so you will hear atmospheric pressure referred to as 760mm of mercury. To get the pressure in standard units, the pressure must still be calculated as above. Another instrument similar to a barometer is a manometer. It simply consists of a U-shaped tube filled with liquid, as in the diagram below. EMBED PBrush If both ends of the tube are open to the atmosphere the level of the liquid will be the same in each side of the tube. If one end of the tube is open to the atmosphere and the other end of the tube is open to a fluid at a different pressure, then the level of the liquid will not be the same on each side, depending on the pressure of the fluid. PAGE PAGE 1 , Ё Ђ Б В Д О П Ю Я а б " # 2 3 4 5 Ъ Ы Ю Я д е # $ 7 8 9 : Щ Ъ й к л м 8 9 ? @ A C D J K L M N R ќ ќ ї яї ї чтї ї кеї б Я Я ї УМї ї ДЏї ЈЅЈЅ ЈЅЈЈЅ 0J mH nH u0J j 0J U j UjмТЪ@ UV jU EHРџUjMѕЦ@ CJ UVaJ H* j Д№ j UjИТЪ@ UV jI UjЁТЪ@ UVjрюЦ@ UV j U5\3 - . Ё Е Ж Н О в г ! " 6 7 " # ; < 9 : Ш Щ н о њ ј ј ј ј њ њ ј ј ј ј ј њ ј ј ј њ ј ј ј њ ј ј ј ј ј њ ј $a$ 8 Q ўў о 8 A B C N O P Q R § є ђ § є ђ § § § ќџ &`#$ 1hАа/ Ар=!А"А# $ %А I D d Ћ шш №0 В № # № A џ № b №Х ж!nч{v]3ЊWЮѕуpџ Ё D ж n№ ж!nч{v]3ЊWЮѕуpџPNG IHDR Ѕ ШВ$ sRGB ЎЮщ pHYs У УЧoЈd -IDATx^эбvу Dы§џЮвШ!уI39ћАM1ї"Агv{<?|нM`УбАmл28Г)ЏарфЛ ZЄjs[Щwn=-б"хчтю7}т}ІЮпЙQє"3лЯ]1уX\т0чв{љЎМgѓнЮзyKC/§*ю|ЇKьЄbЫЩзаж зVrџ\мНђr=NPfЅЖяхоіфГв`iэLcoњпГо{ы#ПйЏj0ѕћoюкщИx>ям дБEњН] зўЈзѕљYЋwЇХ@ЁХoЃ f9xnOспЮжъ6лd?8:Л2X;UY w\C( рЪїyKмЯTиZћЊ9(cЎ№( ВчW6ЅTуДЁяИхёббp6.Б?)чd;jм/A+bХ%e{ !эїВsxЯ њЌ6НзлЅЁ|шУ\Ќѓr@Еsб9ЃЦюдЁ!r<МsnSl]ЩыэCоЮfK{:вP шн"ЇDшd|т35Д№lhЌ5дFuю6ZU ЗGКAГЗvГЪЭ$ИІ№§Nr ќ Т5PЌj е@ BАЈ DV5@Сj !X д A "Ћ @`5PЌj е@ BАЈ DV5@Сj !X д A "Ћ @`5PЌj е@ BАЈ DV5@Сj !X д A "Ћ @`5PЌj е@ BАЈ DV5@Сj !X д A "Ћ @`5PЌj е@ BАЈ DV5@Сj !X д A "Ћ @`5PЌj е@ BАЈ DVэёxHmл~^џП'ZАьuяLИ#љпЏi№ ^ці<k0gИёЌКt"5шЌHмonж|'hHЃќmш=чhдpn0Я4ўR?Ѕ> Б_ЎњохвFkЈ?7^фVўёеK ЂЭЅ!а;6лkтЃ)Ci@ s DVЗЙлЄчЮА7)ѕЪ5№X`Ю2Сі7H?P пІ{4ЃО5ќњ9КЏќщ!ђ'MV 4qЙbЫA4ћд[Bќўр!Мx\ЯuђЄZ qCeЬх/[}MРNћрлќLщДК6awеј?;<ћ\Pђа?оLіУCZ№9>%\=K3Sђ bд=}зЊЏQе ћ5Ф|hбXOQS а.ъЗЩvS4ZЙП9Tзщ;Ђ{дH3ЊkW"іDП)yFe ?кXд@ BАЈ Dw5п/ї=пюЏ6ЇДСacГЋз8_хи5@AmтК yТНМйІ8№4qjfWЛёЧёjSmє~k<Рxћ#ёQыђОzЁЛњЯўк'ю ХКЕ§њБь$aXно|чpИаUбFњ)bФ/cкдЫг=1х4ќсдt5zщдђ?КzЭ0љџіниLV4NжЕЈкDКJ<ц!Шг]^ЈЇЏ~3уП8ѕНD:v1asI=ШхГіbOйЇЉкЧОЇЗиІС!ЖЉбKЇя:тНDБB5ёк]йCзз7Жd25sЪэЭа3wZых,CжdЌGyѕ"`МЌm 5Нo/ёоіzЧ%йлOК8кЗБЧ6.єidЮџHКђ;њHIп)zЅQ\вўвd-oЏад;rJЙБ6%ЙЁзЎ*+i1R&e№/ЈЋџњ?y6|sЄДЋc§}Yжiѓђ IENDЎB`а D d Dлшш №0 В № # № A џ № b №L ЂMPyќлЁ-ГЎo@Лзџ ( ж n№ ЂMPyќлЁ-ГЎo@ЛзџPNG IHDR | u s! sRGB ЎЮщ pHYs У УЧoЈd ДIDATx^энQRТ0 aыиџ иЦq|фІMјЙјћЈmNљzИ0шэvЛ}јѕ\ЯчЦі- :абє-нLпЖэб)зЃH^Фw}kпjЬ4^ВхNь>Р!iаЛ]Nф(фВШшнџјd){єecp]t@ ДщЂ@ЄM "s|р5єЙЪыт§z §ZёrI№щРx]t@ ДщЂ@ЄM "mКш iгEH.: Dкtб вІ 6]t@ ДщЂ@ЄM "mКш iгEH.: Dкtб вІ 6]t@ ДщЂ@ЄM "mКш iгEH.: Dкtб вІ 6]t@ ДщЂ@ЄM "mКш iгEHNЃ§ѓfрbгFоСкtрNўAЯВ9рt"ђqg,~ѓшЉЂ;qш'№ЇююКwюXH=ФІ
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